Invention of the steam engine

The steam engine was one of the most important invention in the Industrial Revolution. Steam engines were used to pump water out of mines in England. The discovery that steam could be made to work if not for James Watt. We do not know exactly who made that discovery, but we do know that the ancient Greeks had an idea about steam engines. James Watt, however, is given responsibility with inventing the first practical engine. The history of the "modern" steam engine begins with James Watt.


Steam engines are still used today to help run nuclear power plants. The Watt - a unit of power familiar today when dealing with light bulbs - was named after James Watt. James Watt came up with the term 'horsepower' as a way to help explain how much work his steam engines could do for a potential buyer.

This is an double acting station engine. The valve allows high-pressure steam to act alternately on both faces of the piston. It explains where the "choo-choo" sound comes from




An animation of a simplified triple-expansion engine.
High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue) to the condenser.

Schematic animation of a uni flow steam engine.
The poppet valves are controlled by the rotating camshaft at the top. High pressure steam enters, red, and exhausts, yellow.


This might be the future of trains.

Child Labor

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1 The job shown in this picture is a young girl working in the textile factory. Only Girls worked in factories because the boy's thought that was where girls should be.

2 The average time you would spend working in a textile factory a day is thirteen hours. They need to be up by 4:30. They get a short breakfast and a short lunch. If they were good they would get a little extra for dinner.

3 In the factory they didn't really get any penalties. It might be because they couldn't get young children who aren't mature enough. They had to even work when they were sick or injured there was no exceptions.

4 Physical challenges were challenging because you had to keep yourself healthy. You needed to have strong muscles on your arms.

5 The textile factory was definitely one of the most dangerous job's out there.One reason why the cotton machines were bad they were extremely loud and they would deafen your ears. Another reason is because the parts may not be fastened right. This job had very high death rates.

6 In my opinion I don't think it was fair that children have to do that much work They have thirteen hours to do heavy working. If they had to they should only have to do at maximum three hours! Parent's just send there children to work to pay off there depts.

7 Some children in other countries work in sweat shop's making t-shirts, rugs, shoes, etc.

Diary Entry 3

Dear Diary,





When I got to the factory I was met by a man Mr.Marsden. He was telling me stuff but I could not hear what he was saying so I just sort of nodded. Then I met a girl named Diana and she taught me what to do. She was a very adept weaver. It is going to take a long time to memorise what I have to do. Afterwards I went to meet the other girls named Prudence, Betsy, and Amelia. When I told them I was going to go study with Diana they didn't really like it to much. Her surname is apparently Goss. I would have to ask her. The girls told me that Diana is different than everyone else. I didn't think anything of it.

As I went to meet Diana in her room. I couldn't see her anywhere. All I could see was a pile of turmoil girls screeching around. Diana somehow found me and pulled me back into her room. When I was in her room she told me to sit on her bed. It did not look like anyone else lived with her. I started talking about myself and mother and charlie when I realized that I hadn't told them where I was. I started to panic and I told her that I forgot to tell them and she handed me some paper and some stamps. I insisted that I pay her back but she said it was a welcoming present. I couldn't stop thanking her.



When the first bell rang it was: 4:30 in the morning. I was lively awake but my roommates were dragging them self out of bed. I was ready to do my first day on the job. I was starving I couldn't wait to see what we were having breakfast. But breakfast wasn't for another two and a half hour's. Diana told me that Mr.Marsden was watching me. I started to get nervous. I really didn't want to screw up!



After work at night it was only me and Betsy in the room. I was about to crawl into bed when Betsy asked me if I would like her to read to me. I totally wanted her too. So I accepted. She read me a book called Oliver Twist. It's about a young orphan boy who gets put to work in numerous amount of places. It was a very interesting and very modern book. The curfew bell rang loud and clear and Betsy told me she'll continue on tomorrow.



I became awake at four thirty looking lively . For once in a long time I was very happy with my life all because Betsy was going to read to me that night.



Week's seemed to fly by and Amelia had me very busy. Which made me unavailable for Betsy to read some more of Oliver Twist to me. Week's flew by even faster and it was summer and the book was well done. My roommates were packing up and getting ready to go home for the summer. Diana was also leaving to my surprise. I am staying and Mr.Marsden informed that there was an increase in the pay if I stayed. Which was a good idea for me! Half way through July I decided I should read Oliver Twist for myself. That night I walked to the bookstore and purchased a nice fresh copy it cost like half of what I earned but it was totally worth it.



I was working on four machines by mid July. Mr.Marsden and brought in guests from out of town and come to watch just me! He told the guests that I was the hardest worker he had ever had. I felt great! Mama had sent me a letter that made me feel upset. Mama had said that my baby sister was not with us anymore. Agnes was only a little sweet girl I could not remember her face. I knew I had to move on. I sent some of my earned money to Rachel and her. By this time my roommates would be returning from their vacation. Everyone but Prudence would be coming back. She decided to stay at home and work on the farm. I was extremely into my book Oliver Twist that I didn't want to do anything but sit and read it. One night Amelia got cross of me because I wanted to read instead of going on a walk with her.



I eventually got involved in work and my goal was getting closer than ever before when I remembered I hadn't wrote to charlie and tell him about all the thing's mom had told me. I also wrote mom a reminder letter of where I was. Betsy had told me the good news's that she was going off to collage soon .I was so happy for her and I also was sad because I was really growing a liking to her. She promised me that she would finish this year first.



It was getting colder and colder outside but I didn't mind I was inside being nice and warm. Apparently there had been a pile of accident's in the icy weather. One afternoon a shuttle came flying at my head. I fell down on the floor and blood was everywhere. There was a gigantic split in the middle of my head. Within two day's I was ready to start working again. My head was still a little sore but I still needed my pay.

I have been such a quick worker that Mr.Marsden wanted me to train a girl. Diana was helping her more than I was. Betsy has a horrible cough. Her uncle came to take her home. Now it was only me.


Later in the day Luke Stevens came to see me. A lot of the girls were giving me the giggles and going all red but I was just more focused on what he needed to tell me. He was telling me Charlie was doing well and he brought me a parcel from someone. It turns out that it was from the man that was staying in the house, He sent me the money I had loaned to him.

-Lyddie

Oliver Twist

The working condition's during the Industrial Revoultion was not wonderful. It was very dusty and dirty. In this video from the 2005 virsion of Oliver Twist they got the working conditions to look just as it did. It was quite common for children workers to work 12 hours or more a day, in the hot and physically exhausting work places. Exhaustion naturally leads to the worker becoming slow, which makes the workplace more dangerous. Children were often employed to move between these dangerous machines because they were small enough to fit between tight machinery.

I personally would not like to live in this time period because it was very dangerous and children were beaten and were not treated as chilren or anybody should be treated. Children would starve on the streets if they didn't have a job. Minium wage was like a penny!! I would never in a million years wan't to live in these times.

Oliver's life was very busy he is an orphan who has no realitives or anybody to live with so he goes and get's a job anywhere he could get food, water, and shelter. He get's put in situation that make's him very upset or unhappy. He run's away only a handfull of times in the movie. In the end of the movie it is happy because he has someone to live with.

Diary Entry 2

Dear Diary,

The Tavern is way bigger than the Stevenson's. There pastures are lush and green. There was a large sugar tree in the front of the house. I really didn't want to walk through the the gates. Every day I get a giant list of chores. I have made no friends because no body likes to hang out with me. Willie is the most annoying person I have ever met. I am jealous of him because he gets to go out in the fresh air while I am stuck inside. The day's are getting shorter so we have to do everything fast before The cook of the house name is Triphena. She was telling me this morning that guests who have often been coming to the house are looking for slaves.

Charlie arrived in surprise today. He told me that work was slow so he wanted to visit. I was extremely happy to see him. Triphena offered Charlie to take some food for the road. I only worried about for a short amount of time as I finished my chores. I went to sleep as soon as my head hit the pillow.

It is now mid April and the sap is slowing down. Mistress tells the staff that she will be going on vacation. It is crucial to keep the house spotless for the next few days. Triphena suggested that I should go home and check on Charlie. Triphena said she will cover me. She is so nice.

The journey was extremely exhausting but at least I got to see the beautiful winter scenery. I was very surprising when I found out Charlie was at school. I have always wanted to go to school. Maybe when I am older I can become a teacher. The upsetting part was when she told me that Charlie was growing on me. I was very made I had a pile of query's to ask her but all I did was hand her the sugar and walked down the stairs.

Our house was only a few miles away. The house felt eerie. I climbed through the window I had my foot almost through when I noticed someone was in my house that I did not know. The man was dark skinned. Triphena had told me if you catch a slave it will make you very wealthy. I wasn't scared something about him didn't feel wrong. But I did want him the heck out of my house. He told me he came from down south. He told me he was some sort of a preacher and he got invited to stay here by my mother. Which I kind of minded why would mother do this? It was kind of weird spending the night in the same house as this stranger. Oatmeal was ready to eat when we got up.

I returned back to the mistress Cutler's house I felt like I was right on time. Then I say mistress and Triphena come out of nowhere my knee's started to wobble i knew I was going to get caught and get fired and I did. I don't know what I am going to do. She fired me and now I am going to have some explaining to do to charlie. Then I realized I had a chance to become a factory girl. I am looking forward for it.

The rain stated pouring down I didn't want to catch a cold, so I headed to the inn. The girl at the counter looked atonished when she saw me drenched. I offered to work for a room. Kindly she aggreed. I would start working off the dept in the morning.

The job was in a summary was basicaly house work. I left in coach wagon. She wanted me to stay I must be a pretty good worker if everyone alway's asking me to stay. In the wagon some man lit his pipe and stunk out the whole wagon. We had dropped everyone off and now it was my turn. He told me that he would take him to his sister's house, which was very nice!

Lyddie diary entry 1

Dear Diary,

Yesterday a bear came into the cottage and started tearing the house apart. We all ran up into the loft to hid out.He couldn't get into the jar of apple butter. But he found the oat meal and started eating it while it was on the fire. The bear was in excruciating pain. Then he left. The babies and I started laughing hysterically. Mama wasn't to happy about it. She told us that papa was never coming back to us. Charlie and I live in a two room house in the forest. Papa has been away for three years. She told us the world was going to come to an end. In the morning she left with the babies.

We got a letter from mama telling us she hired me out to M. Cutler at the tavern and for Charlie to work at the bakers mill. So we went to take the calf over to M. Cutler's house but before Charlie and I packed wood up against the door in case we got some uninvited guests. We took the calf to Mr. Quaker Steven's. He invited us in for dinner. His children was as nice as he was.I paid them to take us in the wagon to drop of the calf. I was stuck right between Luke and Charles. The horse and cow were safely delivered to Mr. Westcott. Luke then took us to start our new lives.